SKU: 62811586458

Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness

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Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military EffectivenessSince the Second World War, Arab armed forces have consistently punched below their weight. They have lost many wars that by all rights they should have won, and in their best performances only ever achieved quite modest accomplishments. Over time, soldiers, scholars, and military experts have offered various explanations for this pattern. Reliance on Soviet military methods, the poor civil military relations of the Arab world, the underdevelopment of

Since the Second World War, Arab armed forces have consistently punched below their weight. They have lost many wars that by all rights they should have won, and in their best performances only ever achieved quite modest accomplishments. Over time, soldiers, scholars, and military experts have offered various explanations for this pattern. Reliance on Soviet military methods, the poor civil-military relations of the Arab world, the underdevelopment of the Arab states, and patterns of behavior derived from the wider Arab culture, have all been suggested as the ultimate source of Arab military difficulties. In Armies of Sand, Kenneth M. Pollack assesses these differing explanations and isolates the most important causes. Over the course of the book, he examines the combat performance of fifteen Arab armies and air forces in virtually every Middle Eastern war, from the Jordanians and Syrians in 1948 to Hizballah in 2006 and the Iraqis and ISIS in 2014-2017. The book ultimately concludes that reliance on Soviet doctrine was more of a help than a hindrance to the Arabs. In contrast, politicization and underdevelopment were both important factors limiting Arab military effectiveness, but patterns of behavior derived from the dominant Arab culture was the most important factor of all. Pollack closes with a discussion of the rapid changes occurring across the Arab world, and suggests that because both Arab society and warfare are changing, the problems that have bedeviled Arab armed forces in the past could dissipate or even vanish in the future, with potentially dramatic consequences for the Middle East military balance. Sweeping in its coverage, this will be the go-to reference for anyone interested in the history of warfare in the Middle East since 1945.


Binding Type: Hardcover
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 01/15/2019
ISBN: 9780190906962
Pages: 696
Weight: 2.40lbs
Size: 9.50h x 6.40w x 1.70d

Review Citations: Choice 05/01/2019
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SKU: 62811586458

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Nina
Carnegie, US
★★★★★ 5
My yorkie loves this!!
Size: Extra Small (Pack of 1), Color: Blue
My Yorkie loves this KONG puppy toy! It keeps him entertained and is perfect for his size. It feels durable and well made, and I’m really happy with this purchase.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 2, 2026
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Keeli
Belleville, US
★★★★★ 5
Perfect for small senior dogs!
Size: Extra Small (Pack of 1), Color: Pink
So I actually bought this for my senior Bolonka. She has a neurological disorder that does not allow her to have hard bones or treats, plus I am trying to protect her teeth for as long as I can. This is a GREAT toy. I like to fill up the middle with yogurt or peanut butter and things she can lick instead of bite into. This is the PERFECT size for her. She likes to play with it even without a treat on the inside. She just carries it around the house , as its not heavy at all, and throws it around, it is too cute! It is not loud at all, the only noise that comes out is if shes got a ton of saliva and her teeth rub against it. I just pulled it off the packaging, washed it, and it was ready to go. It will last forever with my baby because she doesn't chew hard so I am unsure about the durability for bigger pups or dogs who are heavy chewers. I am so glad I got this for her and I would HIGHLY recommend it!
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Reviewed in the United States on February 13, 2026
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Kindle Customer
Pawtucket, US
★★★★★ 5
Good quality
Size: Small (Pack of 1), Color: Blue
Bought this as an upgrade for my dog's Kong that she got as a puppy and it's just as good as the smaller one. It works really goodBought this as an upgrade for my dog's Kong that she got as a puppy and it's just as good as the smaller one. It works really good
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Reviewed in the United States on June 3, 2026
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Samantha
Louisville, US
★★★★★ 4
Good product misleading size.
Size: Small (Pack of 1), Color: Blue
Really disappointed about the size. It is way too small for my berniedoodle. He still likes it for play but I’m afraid he might swallow it. It’s very sturdy tho and is chew resistant. I guess I didn’t pay attention to the size. Looked big in the picture.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 18, 2026
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Jess M
Carnegie, US
★★★★★ 5
Must have item for dogs!!!
Size: Medium (Pack of 1), Color: Pink
The puppy kong is a must have item for every new puppy owner. Super cute!! They usually will last forever (unless you have a super chewer then you need the black one). Great value!! Keeps the puppy busy and entertained. Especially when frozen. Google and the Kong website have tons of recipes. I tend to stick with a little bit of kibble some mashed banana and peanut butter. Also, good options are jars or pouches of baby food just make sure you check the label to ensure there is nothing toxic to dogs in it. More options are kibble soaked in water or broth, pumpkin puree, green beans and carrots. I could go on forever. If you own a dog, a Kong is a must have! I always have two ready to go. And they are dishwasher safe!
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Reviewed in the United States on January 19, 2026

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